Ownership and Funding

In media there are different types ownership concepts and different types of ways to get funded I will go though all of the types I can find and explain them and give examples.

The first ownership concept is public service broadcasting which is TV programming that is purely for the benefit of the public and not commercial reasons, which means there is more of the news and arts based program's. An example of this is the BBC and due to TV licences the BBC get money from that and don't need to focus on making money or advertising, so BBC is also able to have no adverts.

The next ownership concept is commercial broadcasting which is having a channel and focusing on only money and decisions based on making money. This concept is own privately by a company looking to use it as a business. An example of this is sky as they have many channels and only put on what is popular and if a program isn't being watched it will be taken off the channel. ITV is based purely on profit. The way commercial broadcasters make money is though advertisement as a company will pay for the product to be shown when the ratings are highest and companies will pay huge amounts of money which is how these broadcasters make money.    

The next ownership concept is corporate ownership which has the same goals as commercial  however corporate is a team of people are running the company instead of one person this can be good and bad as it could make worse decisions as everyone is wanting different things to happen however they cant all have what they want so arguments i will happen. it could be good as there is not one person to blame if all goes wrong. It could also be good as if someone retired or died then rather than here being a massive power space someone would be hired to fill his/her place. An example of this is Disney which has lots of people making the decisions.

The next concept is Global companies which are company that work globally rather than regionally. This is just huge companies that have enough money to reach the whole world. An example of this is Sky which reaches the whole world and is a massive company. Sky in most cases would release media(TV or Films) at the same time globally so everyone gets of experience it at the same time, however some programs are only released in one country as the target audience is aimed at that country and if it is a success than will be released in other country's an example of this is Japanese anime which will be released in japan and if everyone is a fan will with do an English dub to see if they can make more money. The more time goes on the less sky has to change programming of different country's as we are always on the internet watching what other country's have so it wouldn't matter if sky had more american TV as British people would enjoy it too. Sky would however have to change programming times as different time zones means that peek times change around the world.       

Another concept is vertical integration which is a company that owns one firm that does a certain job and then owns other firms that link to the first firm but do a completely different job. This could be something like owning a firm that sell products and owning another firm that ships a delivers products and you use both to get an efficient service. An example of this BT which has TV channels and then also has broadband to go with it. 

The last concept is Horizontal integration is where a company expands using they have made to make more money to then have the best in that certain sector. This is also called monopolisation which essentially means that you are expanding your company. An example of this is Wanner brothers in which they have there main company but expanded to buy CNN and HBO which are both big TV company's.     

The first funding type is licensing fees which is paying a TV licensing company money to use there service which is most likely to watch there TV channels. An example of this is the BBC who essentially sell he licence to use there channels. The BBC license fee is around £12 a mouth to use all of their services. The BBC use this money to fund their services such as their TV, radio and online services meaning that you are paying for their services for them to fund their services and continues in this cycle.  

The next funding type is subscription fees which is someone paying a monthly fee to use the services of a company. When you stop paying you don't receive the service and only works when you pay for the month. Most of these company's catch you when you chose to automatically every month think you ill use it and then 7 months later you do use it anymore and forget about it but you will still be paying for it. An example of this is Netflix who have i wide range of TV programs and movies to choose from and ask for a monthly payment of around £5.

The next is a one off payment which is owning the movie or TV series only paying once and being allowed to keep it. An example of this is DVD's which it a one of payment around £10 and then you own that film forever. This could be in a physical form or a digital from either having the physical DVD or having it on a device bought on a online retailer.

The next is a pay per view which i an event that is televised and sold separately to each TV set on device which is why it is call a pay per view as your pay for your view and the person running it is getting money for each view.  An example of this is the UFC's best card and put on pay per view. The example i have chosen was the Conor Mcgregor VS Nate Diaz which was the biggest event in MMA history and sold the most pay per views ever which made the UFC a huge amount of money.

The next is sponsorship which is company paying a TV program to mention them Most commonly having an advert just before the program starts and when it goes to breaks. An example of this is Game of Thrones who have the sponsor of Volvo which is featured before the program starts, when it goes to breaks and when it finishes. This help both out as Volvo are getting their name out there attaching them self to a popular show and Game of Thrones gets money for it.

The next is advertising which is all of the contents of an ad break. A company who wishes to advertise would contact and TV channel and ask to use the advert time to promote their product and pay a fee to the channel and in return get the product recognized. An example of this is the compare the meerkats averts which were very popular when first released gain massive amounts of popularity. They played of the fact that people kept spelling the website wrong and putting meerkat rather than market and made a joke using a meerkat.



The next is product placement Which is where a company pays a TV show or movie to use the product in the production and in return pay them for using it where there views can see it. Not only does it advertise it in the way that people will see the product being used like an advert but will also have the viewers seeing their favorite characters using the products making them want the product. An example of this is in Back to the future 2 when the main character finds a pair of shoes which he puts on and are a product of  Nike which Nike paid the film makers to put their products in there.

The next is private capital which is essentially a private company paying for the production to be made and they then take the money back after the production is released and has made money. This is effective as some people struggle to make he product even though it is guaranteed to make money back and more so with this a company pays for you to make it and except a certain amount of money to be given after release.

The next is crowd funding which is exactly what it sounds like. The person wanting to make the product asks the fans of his or the fans of his idea to give a little bit of money each and in return they get to see the product that they asked for or really wanted. This is great for people with great ideas but no money to pull it off and allows them to get money from the fans you know what they want and not a big business just thinking about money. An example of this is a movie called ''Wish i was here'' which was a production from an actor and TV personality Zach Braff which he asked fans of his to give some money so he could make his production. He ended up with enough money and made the movie.

The last is development funds which is a system that helps new talent to the business and funds them to get their first production done. This it amazing for the film making business as it is always allowing new talent to enter the business. An example of the people that fund it is the BFI fund which uses the national lottery fund to support new filmmakers.

References

ask.ofcom.org.uk/help/television/what_is_psb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting

www.investopedia.com/terms/p/privately-owned.asp

https://www.reference.com/world-view/definition-global-company-d1ddb451d2832bb8

www.investopedia.com/terms/v/verticalintegration.asp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

www.investopedia.com/terms/l/licensing-fee.asp

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subscription

www.dictionary.com/browse/pay-per-view

dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sponsorship

www.dictionary.com/browse/advertising

www.investopedia.com/terms/p/privateequity.asp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_development_funds

Technologies in the Film and TV Industries

Consumer products are technology products that anyone could use allowing almost everyone to have all the equipment needed to create a piece of media from home without using professional equipment. With the ability to make a media creation whenever you want is good for the business in the way that it has a large amount of media being created making there tons of different kinds of media being crated. This also allows many creative types of thing to be made by unknowns with a good idea and can make them an overnight sensation in which then everyone dose it. This can be a bad thing for the industry as there is a overload in content being created making it hard to be noticed. Consumer products can be various different products however it is essentially camera equipment and editing software which are the basic equipment to make a media production. The camera can go up to any price to the priciest cameras to the cheapest either way you can record without the use of professional equipment. The editing software isn't too much money depending on what you want however it is affordable meaning that everyone can easily get access to editing software. In this generation we have advanced technology making are phones just as good as some camera and also have access to phone applications that allow you edit the video with out the use of a computer which makes it ridiculously easy to make a media production. The camera essentially records what you have decided to film and then stores your video on what ever your device uses to store such as SD card after this you can use the storage to upload it to the editing software and then use the software to cut the video and make whatever you planned to make, because of media platforms like YouTube you can directly upload the edited video to the internet.

Satellite TV is a type of broadcasting service that uses Space satellites to give signal to your TV. It works by sending a signal from the satellite from your TV to the satellite and in return sends a signal back to allow your to watch Certain channels. Cable TV is a system that rather than using signals, uses cables to transmit certain channels to the customers sets who have subscribed to there service. This relates to TV and film massively as it makes TV accessible to anyone in the world and gives them the choice of what channels the customers want to watch. Most TV providers use these types of service including Sky, BT and Virgin. When considering these different types of TV services you need to compare them as they have different benefits and different drawbacks. Cable TV is more reliable as it has less outages then the other type of TV services, cable also has a huge variety of channels making it hard to run out of things to watch. Cable also has contracts for the services meaning that you cant just change to a different provider, you would have to buy out your contract to give them the money they would have made or you would have to wait it out paying for a service you don't like. The contract may also be an issue with the fine print always trying to catch you out. This could be that your payment goes up after the first twelve months or something along those line. Satellite TV is accessible as it covers most of the world including developing country's without the hassle of getting the cables laid down, it is also cheaper then cable depending on if you want to buy extra channels, satellite TV has more channels as not only does it allow you to access your own country's channels but international channels are also available. The are some issues with satellite TV the first being that the weather will stop you from being able to use it and not much can be done, the next is that some channels aren't featured because of programming disputes meaning that they don't agree over the money that each side is paying or getting and the channels are pulled from satellite TV. The last drawback would be that some landlord/countries do not allow satellite dishes to be put up so you may not have he choice.

The way we watch TV is by signals being transmitted to are devices and are devices decoding the data to give the picture on screen. Over the years this hasn't changed that much as there was the original TV which was an analogue TV which used signals to receive the brightness, colors and the sound and did this by using different amplitudes or frequency's. Where as now we use digital TV which also uses digital signals to give the TV data so it hasn't changed too much. The analogue TV has now died out with the digital switch-over which means that only digital signals are now given and are no long giving signals to analogue TV's.  

The internet is a great thing to use for TV or Film companies to advertise their productions and to sell their productions, however it is also a massive problem as streaming site have become a huge thing on the internet. This is an issue as it is essentially someone putting the production online for people to watch for free, this is taking money away from the production companies that need to get money back from he production they made. It also could also be used in a good way with the ability to rent or buy the production on certain sites which is the legal way to watch productions online. this way is much better for the business as the companies get there money back and the consumer gets to watch the production at home. The pros of being able to watch productions online is that consumers can watch whatever they want when there want using phones or tablets, another good point is that the company gets more people interested as it can be watched whenever rather than going to the cinema and only getting to watch it that once in that setting(if using the legal version). The issue of this is that it is ruining the the industry when people use these streaming sites.

Interactivity is always a good thing in the media industry as it gives the fans a say in what happens to the productions. This can be relevant as the fans are the ones who are going to spending money on your production and you don't not want to disappoint anyone. This could be in various ways such as revives and reactions to trailers which not only gets people talking about their production but gets feedback from a large amount of people allowing them to change things. This generation heavily relies on other peoples opinion on everything an this also applies to TV and film as people will watch and not watch productions based on people they trust opinions and could ruin a movie if certain people do not like it. It could also be good as you may not care about a certain film but you hear good thing online and may sway you to watch it give the movie company extra money back.

High definition just shows the progress that the media quality has made through the years. High definition gives a high quality viewing making this important for films to have as this will give the audience a greater experience. The greater the picture quality's is important as the better quality of the film in front of them the more the viewers will in-gauge in what is being shown to them. This gives an amazing experience when watching a film as the quality allows to feel in the moment and in the movie with the characters if the quality is bad then you will not feel as amerced.

When 3D was first put into the cinema's it was well received and people specifically chose a movie to see the 3D in it. 3D was a massive step up in technology and was a great way of getting people interested in films. It has kind of died out a little bit, it's still around and people still watch movies in 3D however it isn't as big. 3D works by using the glasses to make each of your eyes see different pictures and then puts the two images together to make it look like it is coming out of the screen.




Technology has changed dramatically in the past couple year with almost everyone one watching TV on demand or streamed. This has made the consumption of media significantly easier. Almost everyone has the ability to watch what they want when they want with the use of services like Netflix or Sky on demand. The ability to do this makes us able to consumer more as we will be watching a favorite TV and will just keep watching and not want to stop. This makes life much more fun as you have the ability to chose what you want to watch and how much you want to watch.

When a special event is on there are pay per views which are essentially you pay for your TV set to be able to show the event live. When the event is over you can no longer watch it through the TV. Pay per view is exactly what it does as you are paying per each TV but to promoters of the event they would count your TV as a view. The reason the event promoters do a pay per view is because they can get the most amount of money out of it as it they put it on a normal TV channel they would have to share the profit. Pay per views are effective as to get a pay per view is not a small as it could be from $4.99 to $54.99 which is a lot to watch an event and most events using pay per view are large events so would sell hundreds of thousands which is a lot of money. The reason this works so well is that it is impossible to watch it any other way unless it is illegal.

When streaming content off of the internet there are two different ways to do it such as streaming or downloading however they have differences. Steaming is basically shared media, media that someone else is putting online from you to click on and watch. The good part is that you wouldn't need to pay for every piece of content you watch and would most likely pay a subscription fee making it cheaper than downloading. The bad part is that you would need to have a good internet connection to get a completely good quality video without buffers or pauses. Not only do you need a good internet connection but if the site or service you are using has high traffic at the time you try to use it then you will get buffers and pauses. You would also need internet meaning you wouldn't be able to watch anything is your internet is out. Downloading on the other hand is taking a media file and copying it to your hard drive and wait for it to be downloaded. The good part is that you do not need internet of any kind and will never have any buffers in less there is something wrong with your computer. You also can copy the file to other hard drives making it available on what ever device you want and it is saved on to your hard drive making it easy to access. The bad part is that is much more expensive to download media as it is about £10.99 for each movie you purchase which will add up to a lot of money. While steamers are paying a monthly subscription and get to watch as many Film or shows as they want. The last difference is that when downloading you can pick which film or show you want out of any in the world however when steaming you can only watch the ones that are given to you.

References

https://www.boundless.com/.../products-9/...of-products.../consumer-products-334-712/

www.thefreedictionary.com/satellite+TV

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television

dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/analogue

whatis.techtarget.com › Topics › Computer Science › Electronics

www.businessdictionary.com/definition/internet.html

www.dictionary.com/browse/interactive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition

www.businessdictionary.com/definition/3D-representation.html

dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/on-demand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media

www.dictionary.com/browse/digital-recording
            

Job Booklet

Contractual, Legal and Ethical issues, Job Advertisement and Letter

To whom it concern,                                                                                                       20th June 2016

                                                                                                                                                        

I am writing this letter in response to your job advertisement. I came across your advertisement whilst looking for a job and was interested in your current job offer, however as i read though it i noticed that there were some unethical and lawfully incorrect points in your advertisement and am writing to you to make you aware of these in-corrections. The first thing I noticed was some of the statements said in the job description at the top with your hours and salary being vague and not really explaining the reason for the salary boundary to be so wide apart. The reason i bring this up is that it has a boundary of £15,000 to £35,000 per annum which only adds to the confusion when the hours are also not specific with the hours being from 10-45 without explaining why they are so far apart. To correct this, you must specify the hours and salary as potential applicants may want to know what they are signing up for.

The next statement i noticed was that you specified that you are looking for male and female however using this set of words will leave out transgender people for example and could be counted as discrimination even if that wasn't your intention and may be perfectly find with transgender applicants. This could be corrected by not even including a gender section in the advertisement as a gender description is only needed in specific job roles that are only considered to be for men or female and are becoming fewer and fewer, this means that there is no need for your job to specify what genders are compatible. Specifying gender is not essential and could possible put off applications who don't like to be judge by their gender. 

Another statement that you have included is that you would like applicants to age below 30 which is unethical and also against the law to include as the law states that you cannot discriminate people on the age, sexuality, gender, race or disability, which means that you are not allowed to specially ask for a certain age unless you have a certain task that old employees will not be able to carry out. In your job advertisement you don't have any tasks that the older audience cannot do so you should not be looking for a specific age. To add on to this is the fact that you want your applicants to uphold Christian beliefs and are unable to apply if they don't is ridiculous requirement as you are losing a large amount of applicants who may be better for the job. I understand that you are a Christian organisation however religion doesn't have anything to do with the job and as it has no relevance to the job you would be discriminating all other religions. In mind of the above complaints I have bought up, i would like to remind you that there is ''The equality act 2010 legally protects people from discrimination in the work place and wider society'' Which is the legislation that protects people from being discriminated. This piece of legislation is the only current act against discrimination and gets rid of all the previous laws to make the laws easier to understand and is to identify what counts as discrimination and what is illegal. There is also ''The equal opportunities legislation'' which expanded on some of the laws in the other legislation and focused on equality in the workplace and states that discrimination against age, disability, marriage and civil partnership, gender, pregnancy and maternity, race and religion is prohibited. Also to protect against discrimination is trade unions which protect the rights of employees of a certain trade and can stop discrimination in the workplace if you report it.

As you are an employer you should be giving codes of practice and policies to follow as an applicant is not a part of your company and will not be protected and could cause issues if something goes wrong. You have asked your applicants to include school children in their video, this means that everyone you want them to feature is 16 or under 16 is a problem as the they can’t legally give your applicants permission to film them as they are under the age of consent to be filmed. There is also an issue of you asking your applicants to ask young victims about the traumatic events they have been though, not only is this unethical its inappropriate and would be unfair to bring all of the feeling back to young victims. Getting them to re-enact this would be disturbing and an awful thing to ask children to do. For these reasons you should remove this as a requirement for your applicants. Furthermore, there is an issue with you automatically pinning males as offenders as it is not just male who are offenders and not just females who are victims as many males also are victims. This is morally incorrect and should be re-worded to stop it from sounding stereotypical and bias.

Continuing on from my latest point you have must actually consider the current laws from Ofcom which are laws that where put in place to protect under 18's. Ofcom was created because of the communication act that was passed in 2003 as well of the broadcasting act that was passed in 1990. Ofcom are in charge of regulating Television by creating rules for broadcasters to follow. Your advertisement has a brief telling applicants to make a video to get your job however if an applicant followed your brief would be break some of Ofcom's rules which could have huge implications. The rule you want you applicants to broke are as follows 'where statutory or other legal restrictions apply preventing personal identification, broadcasters should also be particularly careful not to provide clues which may lead to the identification of those who are not yet adult and who are, or might be, involved as a victim'. This is an issue as you specifically tell your applicants to 'Interview teenagers and other individuals who may have been affected by this topic'. Your applicants would be breaking this as you want them to talk teens who are generally under 18 and would not be an adult and are discussing them being a victim which is not allowed. Another rule that is broken is the rule of 'Material that might seriously impair the physical, mental or moral development of people under eighteen must not be broadcast'. You have broken this as you ask your applicants to 'Produce a short documentary that can be shown to children' that would be showing under age teenagers material that would most likely impair their mental or moral development.

This also is a violation against the obscene publications act which was passed in 1959 and then was re-done in 1964. This is a violation as it states that 'it is an offence to publish any content whose effect may deprave and corrupt those who see it. There is also the BBFC which protects children and adults from harmful content by using certifications to regulate content. This would mean that your applicants videos would need to have an adult rating as the discussion about rape and the re-enactments would not be appropriate for school children. Lastly You have put in your brief that you would like popular music and then go onto state at the bottom that they would only be compensated £20 for the production, however this would be impossible as £20 is not enough to get a popular soundtrack and still pay for production. This will possibly encourage your applicants to break the law and not pay for the music which would reflect badly on your company and would get your applicants in trouble.  

                                                   

       

Job Roles